- Music - opera was first performed in Florence, Italy.
- Science - the scientific method was being developed by Francis Bacon, the earth was shown to go around the sun, among other things.
- Technology - the galleon was perfected, allowing for much longer ocean voyages, the first prototype telescope was invented.
- Politics & Government - the Spanish Inquisition and the design of the British Empire!
- Fashion - ruffs!
- 'ruff said.